約 2,551,619 件
https://w.atwiki.jp/senselove/pages/125.html
提供・・・○○さん 熊本アイドルプロジェクト、七不思議(クマモトアイドルプロジェクト、ななふしぎ) ●1 『何故か』無視しなければいけない存在が言っている事、やっている事を、関係者全員が全て把握している(＝無視出来ていない) よーく考えると、というか、よーく考えなくても、『何故か』ではない。全く『不思議』ではない。 気になるからだ。面白いからだ。見る価値があるからだ。 それ以外の理由が存在したら、ホラーだ。 面白くないなら、見ない。『取るに足らない(肝心)』なら、気にしない。 その二極論だ。他に理由なんてない。そこは難しく考える必要皆無だ。 だが『何故か』と表現している事に深い優しさ、愛情を感じてしまう。 浅はかな思考が見破られた＞＜自殺してやる＞＜ を防止している。 愛は案外身近にあるのだ。感動した本当に。 後ね、「気になるよお＞＜」って認めてないだろうに、 気にしている事実を知ってる貴方が一番凄いですよって話ですよ。 かなりややこしくなるけど、そういう事ですよね。 ●2 自分には自分のグループがあるように、相手には相手のグループがあるという、当然の事を、関係者全員が理解出来ていない まあ、僕にはグループとかありませんけどね・・・。シュンっ・・・。 ただ、言いたい事は凄くよくわかる。 自分のグループに対してのみ「みんなで無視しようぜ」って呼びかけて、 自分と自分のグループだけで無視徹底すればいいのに、 でも、他のグループが無視しないかも知れないじゃないか＞＜ 相手にするかも知れないじゃないか＞＜ それって気になるよぉ＞＜ って事ですよね。ですよ、ね。お決まりの意志薄弱の現代人だよ。 気に入らない存在は『自分が無視』を徹底すればいいのに、 気に入らないって事は即ち面白いんだから、 そんな面白い存在、他の人が＞＜認めちゃうかも知れないじゃないか＞＜ って事に帰結される。あ、アホ過ぎる。 ●3 関係者全員が『ある程度興味ある存在』だけに触れて『本当に興味ある存在』には触れない 人間、人間！！ 『人間の構造的』に当然、当然！！ 不思議じゃない、不思議じゃない。 熊本アイドルプロジェクトに限った話じゃない！！！！！ ●4 関係者全員が、なんの能力も実績もないのに、「自分が一番偉い。自分は新世界の神」だと『本気で』思い込んでる 別に熊本アイドルプロジェクトに限った話じゃないだろ！！ 人間、人間！！ 人間なら当然、人間なら当然！！ ●5 関係者全員が、ネットで、自殺予告、犯罪予告を見たら「『自分』では止めない＞＜でも『誰か』が止めるかどうかは気になる＞＜」と腐った思考全快になる 熊本アイドルプロジェクトに限らない！！ 人間だから、人間なら当然、当たり前！！！！ ●6 『無視』とは、読んで字の如く『視るのをし無い事』なので、するのにも『覚悟と能力が必要』なので、『有視』しか出来ない関係者たち 人間、人間！！！！ ●7 関係者全員が『気になってない』ではなく、『気になってないフリ』しか出来ない 人間、人間！！！！！！！！！！！！ SENSE用語辞典
https://w.atwiki.jp/minasava/pages/1028.html
【元ネタ】史実 【CLASS】アーチャー 【マスター】 【真名】プトレマイオス一世 【性別】男性 【身長・体重】172cm・65kg 【属性】秩序・善 【ステータス】筋力C 耐久B 敏捷D 魔力D 幸運A 宝具A+ 【クラス別スキル】 対魔力：D 一工程(シングルアクション)による魔術行使を無効化する。 魔力避けのアミュレット程度の対魔力。 単独行動：C マスターからの魔力供給を断ってもしばらくは自立できる能力。 ランクCならば、マスターを失ってから一日間現界可能。 【固有スキル】 蔵知の司書：A アレクサンドリア大図書館の膨大な蔵書を読み切るために習得したスキル。 過去に知覚した知識、情報を、たとえ認識していなかった場合でも明確に記憶に再現できる。 パラ読みした蔵書の記憶を再現するのによく使われる。 カリスマ：B 軍団を指揮する天性の才能。団体戦闘において、自軍の能力を向上させる。 カリスマは稀有な才能で、一国の王としてはBランクで十分と言える。 軍略：C 一対一の戦闘ではなく、多人数を動員した戦場に置ける戦術的直感力。 自らの対軍宝具の行使や、逆に相手の対軍宝具に対処する場合に有利な補正が与えられる。 【宝具】 『赫灼たる海神の大灯台（ファロス・アレクサンドリナ）』 ランク：A+ 種別：対軍宝具 レンジ：20～99 最大捕捉：300人 固有結界の性質を備えた大理石製の大灯台。 研究所のある下層部、大図書館のある中層部、そして大鏡のある上層部の三つのセクションから構成されている。 高さ134メートルの頂上に設置されている大鏡には魔力を光に変換する機能があり、 戦闘時においては拡散する光を収束させ、対象をレーザーで焼き払うことが可能。 また日中においては代わりに陽光を収束させるため、レーザー照射に魔力を消費しない。 『遥かなる叡智の大図書館（ビブリオシカ・アレクサンドリナ）』 ランク：E～A++ 種別：結界宝具 レンジ：－ 最大蔵書：制限無し 世界中の文献を収集することを目的とした古代最大にして最高の図書館。 文学、地理学、天文学等あらゆる分野の著作、およそ70万巻を所蔵している。 『大灯台』の中層部セクション内に無限の広さを持つ書庫として展開されており、 書物の”読破”により内容に準じたスキルを獲得できるが、ランクは理解度相応である。 また下層部セクション内には侵入者の知識、技術、経験を自動的に解析する研究所『ムセイオン』が展開されており、 蔵書に足ると判断された情報を書物の形で複製した後、図書館内に貯蔵する。 【解説】 古代エジプトの最後の王朝、プトレマイオス朝の初代ファラオ。「救済者（ソーテール）」。 マケドニア王国の貴族の子として生まれたプトレマオイオスは、 幼少時よりアレクサンドロス３世（イスカンダル）とはヘタイロイとして仕える将校であると同時に、 共に哲学者アリストテレスのミエザの学園で学んだ「学友」でもあり、 アレクサンドロスが父である国王と対立した際も、彼と共に追放を受け入れた。 その後大王となったアレクサンドロス３世の東征においては将軍として従軍し、 側近護衛官の一人になるなどマケドニア帝国内でも重要な地位にあった。 大王の死後、バビロン会議、トリパラディソスの軍会という2度の協定を経て、 大王の遺言である「最強の者が帝国を継承」するディアドコイ（後継者）戦争に参加。 アンティゴノス、セレウコス、プトレマイオス他の諸将による激戦の末、 紀元前3世紀にヘレニズム三王国の一つプトレマイオス朝エジプトの初代国王の座に着く。 ファラオとなった後は統治体制を確立、東地中海までの領土拡大により古代エジプトの栄華を取り戻し、 首都アレクサンドリアに、王立研究所（ムセイオン）とそれに併設したアレクサンドリア図書館を建設。 また港では世界の七不思議の一つであるアレクサンドリアの大灯台の建設にも着手した。 暗殺や戦死、獄死といった非業の死を遂げた多くのディアドコイ達の中で、 プトレマイオスは天寿をまっとうした、数少ない一人である。
https://w.atwiki.jp/terachaosrowa/pages/4308.html
「あったかいのです」 梨花ちゃんはさっきから、トトロから離れようとしない。 無理もないか。こんな寒い時期に『服を脱げ』だなんてナンセンス極まりない。 だからこそ、こういうもふもふーな温もりを求めているのだろう。 そのトトロはといえば、あの茶髪の女の子に散々もふもふされたトラウマがよみがえったのか固まっている。 まあ、あれはトラウマになる。もし俺がトトロだったら、同じ心境に陥るだろう。 そういえば、先の放送で、梨花ちゃんの知り合いがひとり、死んだと聞かされた。 「竜宮レナ」。彼女よりやや年上のお姉さんだそうだ。 口癖は「かぁいいよー」「お持ち帰りぃぃぃ」でいったんそのモードに入ると、手がつけられなくなるそうだ。 ……え？「かぁいいよー」？「お持ち帰りぃぃぃ」？ アッー！！もしかして、俺が殺したのって……あの「竜宮レナ」って子だったのか！？ まずいぞまずいぞ、もし知られたら梨花ちゃんに殺されかねない。 もし、殺されたら……俺のポケモンマスターの夢はどうなる！？俺のハーレムの夢はどうなる！？ こうなったら、ばれる前に殺すか？殺してしまうか？！ うん、そうしましょう。殺しちゃいましょう。 「幼女誘拐犯」から「幼女誘拐殺人犯」に昇格なのです☆なんて笑われてもいい。俺の夢の為だ……！！ そう思いながら、イワークを召喚しようとした瞬間……。 「みー？」 気取られたァァァァァァ！！！ 「あわあわあわあわ……」 イワークの入ったボールが手の上ではね……転がっていく。 ……そして、近くの池に落ちた。 「あああああああ、俺のイワークが……」 ｏｒｚ。まさにそのインターネットスラングと同じポーズで俺は落ち込んだ。 もっとも、その池はそれほど深くはなさそうであったが いかんせんこの時期だ。池に入ろうものなら、風邪をひいてしまう。いや、むしろ死ぬ。凍死だ。 この格好（上半身裸）で池に落としたモンスターボールを取りに行き、 挙句の果て凍死して、ポケモンマスターの夢が断たれた……なんて笑い話にもならない。 せっかく症候群から脱出できたのに、こんな形で死んだら元も子もない。俺はため息をついた。 「タケシ、そのボールの中にいた『イワーク』とやらはあなたのお友達ですか？」 梨花ちゃんが話しかける。 「友達ってレベルじゃねぇ……『大切な仲間』だ」 「ボクと同じなのです」 「……？」 つまり、どういうことだってばよ？とばかりに俺は梨花ちゃんの方を見た。 「ボクも『大切な仲間』を失いましたから……」 「大切な仲間って……」 「先程話したレナなのです」 ……。 「梨花ちゃん、そのレナを殺した奴が許せないか？」 「みー。許せないってレベルじゃないのですよ。でも、憎しみは何も生まないのです」 ー何度も経験した故の、発言ですよ……と聞こえるか聞こえないかわからない声量で梨花ちゃんは言う。 憎しみは何も生まない。とあの子は言っていた。けど、俺のやったことは……。 「そろそろここを離れるのです。ボク達のことを狙っている人がいるかもしれませんから……」 「ああ……」 今の俺に出来る、梨花ちゃんへの償いは彼女を意地でも守ってあげること。 そして、残りの知り合いと再会させてあげること。 なんやかんやで人にやさしくしなければ、ポケモンマスター失格なのだから。 「タケシー、早く来るのですー」 「あ、ああ。……ひっきし！」 ああ、早く服を着たい……。やっぱゲーム版の格好はきついぜ。 【一日目・14時03分/福島県のどこかの公園/天候・晴れ】 【タケシ＠ポケットモンスター】 【状態】健康、上半身裸 【道具】モンスターボール×2、定春、トトロ、エリザベス、服 【装備】支給品一式 【思考】 １：梨花ちゃんを護衛し、残りの知り合いと再会させる ２：ポケモンマスターになる 【古手梨花＠ひぐらしのなく頃に】 【状態】健康、下着姿 【装備】なし 【道具】支給品一式、私服 【思考】基本：タケシについていく １：前を向いて進んでいくのです。 【トトロ＠となりのトトロ】 【状態】健康。現在、ボールから出されている 【装備】なし 【道具】支給品一式、大きなコマ＠となりのトトロ 【思考】基本：タケシに従う １：ヴォオオオオオオオオオオオ（セリフ、なかったな……） ※福島県のどこかの公園にイワークの入ったモンスターボールが放置されています ※どんぐりとか、木の実たくさん＠となりのトトロは放送前にトトロがおいしく頂きました
https://w.atwiki.jp/virtualarma/pages/22.html
チームリーダーとは スクアッドリーダーから通達された作戦内容を 自分の配下に存在する「一般歩兵」に指示を与えながら前線で指揮をするリーダーです 詳しく チームリーダーはV鯖では基本1スクアッド(11名)中2名の役職で 1.SQL L 1.上TL L 4.一般歩兵 L 1.下TL L 4.一般歩兵 となっており通称「上のチームリーダー」「下のチームリーダー」と言われ TLは配下に4名の一般歩兵を連れ、前線へ向かいます。 SQLから通達される作戦は「歩兵隊がCP1へ向かい制圧してください」くらいですが そこから詳しく、細かく、また状況に応じて作戦を作れるのがTLです SQL 歩兵隊がCP1へ向かい制圧してください L ポイントマンは正面道路左側から進行して「あの入口」へ向かってください 入口制圧後は「○と△」が右の建物、「□とX」が左の建物を制圧してください 制圧完了後は現在いるRP1へ集合、また室内戦で負傷者が出た場合はどちらかが無線を入れてください 例ではありますが、このように細かく前線での指揮を行うことができます 動かし方は人によって様々です。 それだけ？ いいえ、違います TLはそのチームを指揮する、という重要な役目を持っており 一般歩兵が何かしてしまうと基本的には管理が甘い、というような状況になります 例えば？ 歩兵が指示がないのに勝手に室内制圧敵に負けて死んでしまった →TLは指示していないので最悪気づかないですし、味方を見ていない という事になります ただしこれは「そこに指示がないのに行く一般歩兵も悪い」ということもなります 他は？ 味方のカバー範囲が大きく、TLが見きれない場所まで行ってしまい行方不明 →TLは皆のことを見てあげる必要があります、カバーする場所を聞かずに遠い場所でカバーしている、 ズンズン先に進んで「行ってる事を認識していない」等 一般歩兵の動きで常にどこにいるか、何をしているかを見る必要があります。 難しくね??????? 最初はかなり難しいと思います。 ただし、TLは「前線を指揮する」だけとおもってプレイすれば結構簡単で 「TLなのに戦闘に積極的に参加する」をすると、戦闘中に味方のことを見れなかったりしてしまいます。 戦闘が開始されたら、味方に「君はソコ！あたなはあの方向！どこから敵！」と RTSのように歩兵に指示を与え、安全な位置、安全な作戦、また無理をさせない動きをさせることを意識してみてください。 結論 ーSQLから下る命令をチームリーダーは一般歩兵に伝えてあげる ー前線での作戦はTL次第で、どのようなクリアリングをするか決めてあげる ーTLは周囲の一般歩兵の動きを見て、危険な位置に居ないか確認する また指示して戻したり、警戒位置や、方向を指定してあげる ー戦闘中のグレネード許可、グレポンの射撃位置等指定してあげるとよい。
https://w.atwiki.jp/ajun0627omake/pages/28.html
四天王
https://w.atwiki.jp/parallelparadox/pages/287.html
君影小夜子の神術。 “都市伝説” 具象神格：都市伝説に語られる存在 神術兵装：都市伝説に語られる物 術式特性：都市伝説の現実化 都市伝説に語られる存在や現象を、現実にする神術。 都市伝説という特性上、その地にてその時に広がっている噂に現実化対象は限られるが、君影小夜子は七不思議使いと言う特性上、七つまでの廃れた噂、遠くの噂をストックする事が可能。 但し新しい噂をストックする為には、今現在ストックしている噂を誰かに語り、それを知らないと否定される事により、 ストックされている噂を破棄すると言う手順を踏む必要がある。 自分が都市伝説になってしまうと、その物語に取り込まれてしまうと言うルールがある。 ⇒君影小夜子（きみかげさよこ） ⇒寓話魔法（ぐうわまほう） ⇒七不思議使い（すとれんじとーかー)
https://w.atwiki.jp/civilization/pages/2555.html
1へ Huayna Capac（ワイナ・カパク）[#cf8ab0ae] Asoka（アショカ）[#ta7cfd55] Gandhi（ガンジー）[#i87029b2] Tokugawa（徳川）[#i5de345a] Mansa Musa（マンサ・ムサ）[#vf1503e1] Genghis Khan（チンギス・ハン）[#pde2ff25] Kublai Khan（フビライ・ハン）[#uf13d9f8] Cyrus（キュロス）[#oa60c880] Julius Caesar（ユリウス・カエサル）[#u337c236] Peter（ピョートル）[#la7ed31b] Catherine（エカチェリーナ2世）[#td7b8f2d] Isabella（イザベル）[#z95dea6c] ; Huayna Capac（ワイナ・カパク）[#cf8ab0ae] #ref error ：ご指定のファイルが見つかりません。ファイル名を確認して、再度指定してください。 (Huayna Capac) Leader of the Incan Empire ~ Lived 1493 - 1527~ ~ Background ~ Huayna Capac was the son of the Incan Emperor Iupanqui. Under his father, Capac led armies against his nation s neighbors to the north. When his father died in 1483 and he became emperor in his own right, Capac continued the campaigns, eventually extending the empire s borders into what is modern Colombia.~ ~ The Inca Empire reached the height of its size and power under his rule, stretching over much of Bolivia, Peru, Argentine, Chile, Ecuador, and Colombia. It included varying terrain, from the high, frozen Andes to the densest swamps, and over 200 distinct ethnic groups, each with their own customs and languages.~ ~ Despite the geographical and cultural challenges, Inca - or Tawantinsuys, the "Realm of the Four Quarters" - was sophisticated for its time and place. At its height it had "monumental cities, temples and fortresses of stone, marvelously engineered roads cut through granite mountain slopes, and massive agricultural terraces and hydraulic works." A dedicated ruler, Huayna did much to improve the lives of his people. In addition to building temples and other works, Huayna greatly expanded the road network, along which he built storehouses for food so that aid could be quickly rushed to any who were in danger of starvation.~ ~ Huayna contracted smallpox while campaigning in Colombia. Smallpox had been introduced to South America by the Spaniards, and the Native Americans had no defense against it; Huayna and about 200,000 other South and Central Americans died in that one epidemic. Before his death Huayna divided his country, leaving the newly-conquered north to his favorite son, Atahualpa, and the rest to his legitimate heir, Huascar. The two brothers fought a long and debilitating war to reunite their country. Atahualpa eventually won, but the victory left his country exhausted and prostrate, unable to withstand attack from the Spaniard; Francisco Pizarro.~ ~ Very little is known about Huayna the man. As was their established practice, the Spanish conquerors did their best to obliterate Incan history in order to detach their subject people from their places in history and make them easier to enslave (and to be converted to Christianity). We know that Huayna was bloodthirsty and vindictive in war, but in his private life he was affectionate, even tender. We can assume that Huayna was smart enough to hold his empire together, ambitious enough to seek to extend its borders, ruthless enough to crush those in his path, and foolish enough to divide his empire to try to satisfy both of his sons. ; Asoka（アショカ）[#ta7cfd55] #ref error ：ご指定のファイルが見つかりません。ファイル名を確認して、再度指定してください。 (Asoka) Emperor of India ~ Lived c.299 - c.232 BC~ ~ Background ~ Asoka was one of the greatest rulers of ancient India. He brought nearly all of India (plus Afghanistan and Baluchistan) under one rule for the first (and thus far, only) time in history. Despite his great military prowess, Asoka grew weary of war; and over time he became disgusted at its stupidity and pointlessness.~ ~ A popular young general and statesman, Asoka ascended to the Mauryan throne upon his father s death in 273 BC, at the approximate age of 26. He began his rule as a conqueror, seeking to expand his nation s power across the Indian subcontinent and beyond. He was quite successful, and his empire grew.~ ~ However, after his bloody conquest of the Kalinga state in which over 100,000 people died and another 150,000 were injured, Asoka underwent a great spiritual change. Deeply remorseful for all of the suffering he had caused, he abandoned wars of conquest and accepted Buddhism. He turned from expansion and instead concentrated upon improving the spiritual and physical well-being of his people. He modified many of his country s harsh laws, and he advocated tolerance of all faiths. He built many Buddhist monasteries throughout the land, and the arts flourished under his rule. He sent Buddhist missionaries across the known world, including to faraway places like Greece and Egypt. Despite his fervent belief in Buddhism, Asoka demanded religious tolerance in his kingdom, saying, "Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Asoka desires that all religions should reside everywhere, for all of them desire self-control and purity of heart."~ ~ Asoka died in 232 BC, and the empire he built lasted only fifty years after his death. His name would be virtually lost to history now, if it weren t for the discovery of a large number of columns and boulders inscribed with his words and teachings. These "Edicts of Asoka" contain not only a fount of information about King Asoka, showing him as a wise and thoughtful ruler, but they also provide invaluable knowledge of the early teachings and beliefs of Buddhism. ; Gandhi（ガンジー）[#i87029b2] #ref error ：ご指定のファイルが見つかりません。ファイル名を確認して、再度指定してください。 (Gandhi) Lived 1869 - 1948~ ~ Background ~ Mohandas Gandhi was born in an India under British rule. The son of the Prime Minister of the small state of Porbandar, in his youth Gandhi displayed none of the brilliance that would mark him as an adult; in fact the young man was a mediocre student and quite shy. He entered into an arranged marriage at the age of 13, the usual custom of the period. Apparently he did not enjoy the experience, later calling the practice "the cruel custom of child marriage."~ ~ Upon graduating from high school, Gandhi decided to follow his father into state service. To this end he decided he would go to England to study. His father having just died, Gandhi s mother did not want him to go, allowing him only after he had promised to abstain from wine, women, and meat. His caste looked upon traveling over the ocean as unclean; when he persisted they declared him an outcast. He learned much about England and the English during his time in that country, knowledge which was to prove invaluable later in his career. In 1891 Gandhi passed the bar and set sail for India. He attempted to set up practice in Bombay, but was unsuccessful and shortly relocated to South Africa.~ ~ Gandhi enjoyed more professional success in South Africa, but he was appalled by the racial bigotry and intolerance he found there. He would spend the next twenty years of his life in South Africa looking after the interests of all under-classes, not just the Indians. It was here that Gandhi began to refine and teach his philosophy of passive resistance. He was jailed several times for his resistance to the so-called "Black Acts," by which all non-whites were required to submit their fingerprints to the government. When the government ruled that only Christian marriages were legal in South Africa, Gandhi organized and led a massive non-violent protest, which eventually caused the government to back down. It was here that Gandhi acquired the title of "Mahatma," which means a person venerated for great knowledge and love of humanity.~ ~ In 1915, Gandhi returned to India. He shocked the world when he expressed his humiliation that he had to speak English in his native land, and he shocked the Indian nobility when he chided them for their ostentatiousness, telling them that they should hold their jewels and wealth in trust for their countrymen.~ ~ Thus Gandhi began his long campaign to free his country from English rule. He followed two paths - he shamed oppressors and he demanded sacrifice from his people. For the next thirty years Gandhi was to tirelessly exhort his people to passive resistance, leading strike after strike, march after march, fasting himself to the point of incapacity, enduring innumerable beatings, and months and even years in prison. At one point he made a historic trip to England, where he won over much of the English working and middle classes, to the great irritation of the government. Despite innumerable setbacks and years of endless toil, he persisted. In 1946, exhausted and virtually bankrupt by World War II, the English agreed to vacate India, but in doing so divided the country between Hindu and Muslims, which Gandhi abhorred.~ ~ The partition sparked an outbreak of religious violence, in which Muslims were massacred wholesale in India, and the same fate awaited Hindus in Pakistan. The countries were in chaos. In response, Gandhi went on a fast, refusing to eat again until the violence ceased. Astonishingly, his fast worked the peoples of India and Pakistan were unwilling to see their great hero die, and they sent him letters and representatives promising to stop the killings and begging him to end the fast. He did so, to the relief of millions. Twelve days later, Gandhi was assassinated. ; Tokugawa（徳川）[#i5de345a] #ref error ：ご指定のファイルが見つかりません。ファイル名を確認して、再度指定してください。 (Tokugawa) Shogun of Japan ~ Lived 1543 - 1616~ ~ Background ~ 徳川家康ははじめ、日本の一地方大名でした。彼の大名としての人生はとても波乱に満ちたものでした。大名達は絶えずお互いに戦争を繰り返しており、自らの支配を広げる為には、血なまぐさい戦争だけでなく、ペテンや裏切り、懐柔、脅迫などありとあらゆる手段が使われていました。ある時、彼の政権を転覆しようとする企みへの、徳川の妻と息子の関与が疑われたことがありました。同盟者達からの圧力の下、家康は彼らに死を―息子には切腹を、妻には処刑を命じました。このような不運な出来事はあったものの、徳川はこの最も危険なゲームの支配者であったことは衆目が一致しています。偉大な将軍として、戦術の達人として、また完璧な詐欺師として、彼は常に先手を打って行動しました。~ ~ 徳川が力を増し傑出するにつれて、彼は日本の大半を支配した豊臣秀吉の政権の中での重要人物となっていき、結局、彼は秀吉の息子の後見人としての職責を与えられました。しかし秀吉が死ぬと、彼は秀吉の後継者と争うための「東軍」を結集し、両軍隊は関が原の戦いで激突しました（1600）。西軍のある将軍の裏切りにより、この戦争は徳川の勝利に終わりました。~ ~ 関が原の勝利の後、徳川は自ら「将軍」（おおよそ「大元帥」と訳される）となりました。日本では、皇帝はほんの僅かな力しかもたない有名無実の支配者でした。真の権力は将軍が持っていたのです。~ ~ 徳川政権は、日本での平和で安定した時代でした。彼は大名間の果てしない戦争をほとんど禁止しました。「将軍」という小説に描かれているような一般的な俗説とは異なり、実際の徳川政権は、中国、ポルトガル、オランダ、イギリス、スペイン、シャムといった外国の貿易商からは歓迎されており、日本の貿易網は彼の政権下で大きく拡大しました。（鎖国は彼の子孫によって行われた物です）~ ~ 徳川が常に考えていた事は、彼の多くの先人達に降りかかった破滅を絶対に繰り返さないということであり、彼は自分自身を守る為には非常に厳格な手段を用いました。その一例として、彼は日本の主要な道路での車輪の使用を禁止しました。この政策により、彼に対する反乱軍を起こす事は難しくなりましたが、同時に、日本の国内経済を鈍化させました。効率的な荷車ではなく、動物や人間が背負って貨物を輸送しなければならなくなった為です。~ ~ 1605年、家康は彼の息子秀忠に後を継がせるため自らは退位しました。その後、彼の一族は1868年まで日本を支配することとなります。~ ~ Tokugawa Ieyasu was the daimyo ("great person") of a province of Japan. Life as a Japanese feudal lord was not easy. The lords fought each other constantly, using deception, treachery, seduction, blackmail and poison in addition to bloody war to achieve dominance. At one point Tokugawa s wife and son were implicated in a plot to overthrow him; under intense pressure from his friends and allies, Ieyasu ordered their deaths - his son by ritual suicide, and his wife by execution. Despite this mishap, by all accounts Tokugawa was a master of this most dangerous game. A great general, a master tactician and an excellent liar, he did to others what they would do to him - except that he usually did it faster and better.;~ ~ As Tokugawa rose in power and prominence, he became an important personage in the court of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, a powerful general who had conquered most of Japan. Eventually he was given the great responsibility of looking after the general s son. However, upon Hideyoshi s death Tokugawa assembled an "eastern army" to take on Hideyoshi s successor. The two forces met in the battle of Sekigahara (1600). Aided by treachery of one of the enemy s generals, Tokugawa was victorious.;~ ~ After his victory at Sekigahara, Tokugawa had himself declared "shogun" (which translates approximately as "generalissimo"). In Japan, the Emperor is the titular head of the country but with little real power. The real power resided in the shogun.;~ ~ Tokugawa s rule was a time of peace and stability for Japan. He stopped much of the interminable fighting between the various feudal lords. Contrary to popular myth (as portrayed in the novel "Shogun"), Tokugawa actually welcomed foreign traders - Chinese, Portuguese, Dutch, English, Spanish and Siamese - in Japanese ports, and Japan s trade net expanded greatly during his rule. (The ban on foreign trade and travel was put in place by his descendants.);~ ~ Tokugawa was always preoccupied with ensuring that he would not suffer the same fate that had befallen so many of his predecessors, and he took draconian measures to protect himself. For example, he forbade all wheeled vehicles from using Japan s fine road network. This made gathering an army to rise against him more difficult, of course, but it also crippled Japan s internal commerce, as all goods had to be carried on the backs of animals or people, rather than in far more efficient carts.;~ ~ In 1605 Ieyasu abdicated in favor of his son, Hidetada. His family would rule Japan until 1868.; ; Mansa Musa（マンサ・ムサ）[#vf1503e1] #ref error ：ご指定のファイルが見つかりません。ファイル名を確認して、再度指定してください。 (Mansa Musa) Leader of the Mali Empire ~ Lived ? - 1337~ ~ Background ~ Musa was the grandson of Sundiata Keita, the Muslim founder of the Mali Empire, which existed on the Mandinka plateau in West Africa from the 14th to the 17th centuries. At the time Mali was the source of over half of the world s gold, and Musa was fabulously wealthy. During his famous hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) in 1324, Musa gave away so much gold in Cairo that the price of gold there was depressed for the next twenty years. He gave away so much treasure, in fact, that he had to borrow money to pay for his return trip. Legend has it that Musa was accompanied on his journey by a huge retinue and honor guard, not to mention 60,000 porters to carry the supplies.~ ~ Called "Musa the Magnificent," Mansa was celebrated for his enlightenment and piety. He added the important towns of Timbuktu and Gao to his kingdom. Upon reaching the throne, Musa became a feverish Muslim, and he built countless mosques across the country and made Islam the state religion, though he did not persecute other religions in his country.~ ~ Musa encouraged trade between Mali and the world beyond, using his country s vast resources of kola nuts, ivory, salt, and gold to attain goods from three continents. A believer in knowledge, Musa made the city of Timbuktu into a center of learning and craftsmanship, and Sankore University was one of the great schools in the Muslim world. Students came from all over to receive a free education there.~ ~ Musa died in 1337, after ruling Mali for twenty-five years. A contemporary historian said of Masa Musa, that, of all of the leaders in West Africa, he was, "the most powerful, the richest, the most fortunate, and the most feared by his enemies and the most able to do good for those around him." ; Genghis Khan（チンギス・ハン）[#pde2ff25] #ref error ：ご指定のファイルが見つかりません。ファイル名を確認して、再度指定してください。 (Genghis Khan) Khan of the Mongol Empire ~ Lived 1152/1167 - 1227~ ~ Background ~ 世界最大の帝国を築いたハンは、テムジンという名でこの世に誕生しました。テムジンが死亡した時、彼の帝国は13,800,000平方マイル(35,740,000平方km)以上の土地と、世界の約半分の人口にあたる1億人もの人口を支配していました。~ ~ テムジンはモンゴルの小貴族に生まれました。彼の父は彼が9歳の時に殺されたため、テムジンは彼の母から馬術や弓術、それに家畜の世話の方法を学びました。またテムジンは彼の母から、その時代に生き残るためには他者との同盟が非常に重要であることも教わり、彼はその教訓を肝に銘じました。テムジンは、10代後半になるまでに非常に忠実な家臣を自らの下に集め、彼らと戦争の強奪品を分け合っていました。彼はまた、有力なモンゴル部族の指導者達と盟友関係を結びました。しかし、テムジンは何よりもまず現実主義者でした。彼は盟友達が自分にとって都合がいい場合のみ盟友であり続け、必要とあれば彼らを切り捨てたり、裏切ったりしました。~ ~ テムジンは権力を得るとともに傑出した存在となっていき、次第にモンゴル全体の指導者として認められるようになりました。彼は軍隊を再編し、出自よりも能力のある人間を重要な地位につけました。これにより、彼は一般兵や将校による確固とした後ろ盾を得る事ができました。国内最後の敵を撃破した後、テムジンは「海の支配者」（或いは「烈しい支配者」）を意味する「チンギス・ハン」と名を改めました。ハンは、国内での地位を完全なものとした後、アジアからヨーロッパに及ぶ驚くべき外征を始めました。~ ~ チンギス・ハンはその戦いの中で、栄光よりもとにかく勝利に執着しました。彼は都市や国家を攻撃する前には「降服勧告」を送り、即時降服を求めました。もし指導者がそれに従った場合、金銭や奴隷を奉げる限りはその地域の支配を認めました。降服せずに戦い、敗れた場合、彼らが少しの慈悲も受ける事は難しかったでしょう。~ ~ 政治的指導者としてのチンギス・ハンは、宗教に寛容な政策を採り、各地方の僧侶達との緊張を和らげました。彼は政府や軍隊内に外国人を幹部として登用し、能力があるものは高い地位に就くことを許しました。そのため、最も能力のある人物達は彼に対抗する陰謀を企てるより、彼を支持する理由を得るようになりました。また、彼は征服した地域に法律を発行しました。その中でも特に、馬を盗んだ者は死刑とし、また、命令違反を犯した兵士には強制労働を課しました。さらに彼は、ヨーロッパとの交易を全て認め、そのために初めてヨーロッパの商人は（比較的）安全に中国まで旅する事ができるようになりました。~ ~ 一方軍事的指導者としては、チンギス・ハンは桁外れに優秀な能力を持っていました。軍隊内の厳しい規律を整備し、それを破った物は厳重に罰しました。また、彼はアジアを横断する最新式の諜報ネットワークを開発し、その情報を使って、敵国の弱点を完全に突いた軍事行動を行いました。また、チンギス・ハンの軍隊自体もまた、桁外れに優秀でした。モンゴル人は優れた軽騎兵であり、鞍上から矢を射る能力は信じ難いほどでした。初期の彼の軍隊は包囲戦の技術は持っていませんでしたが、敵軍が彼の軍隊との野戦を拒むようになるにつれて、カタパルトやその他の攻城兵器に関する技術も向上させていきました。~ ~ チンギス・ハンの最初の軍事行動は、実入りのいい東西の貿易網を支配していたタングートに対するもので、さらに彼らを征服した後、中央アジアや中国北部のその他の敵を征服していきました。彼に抵抗できる者は皆無でした。彼の最後の、そして最も優れた軍事行動では、200,000の兵士をもってブハラ、サマルカンド、バルーク、ニシャプール、ヘラートを占領していきました。4年間中央アジアに留まった後、チンギス・ハンは帰路につきましたが、結局その旅路の中で死にました。~ ~ 野蛮人以上であり、見識ある統治者以下であったチンギス・ハンは、常に並外れた戦士の王であり続けました。~ ~ The Khan who founded the world s largest empire was given the name Temujin at birth. At his death, Temujin s empire encompassed over 13.8 million square miles and 100 million people, about half of the world s entire population.;~ ~ Temujin was born into a family of the minor Mongol nobility. His father was murdered when he was nine, leaving his mother to teach Temujin how to ride a horse, shoot a bow, and tend the animals. She also taught her son that allies were crucial to one s survival, and Temujin took this lesson to heart. By the time Temujin had reached his late teens, he had gathered to him a group of very loyal vassals, with whom he shared the spoils of his wars. He also became blood brothers with men from the leading Mongol families. However, Temujin was first and foremost a pragmatist; he would remain friends with these leaders as long as it suited him and he would discard or betray them at need.;~ ~ Temujin grew in power and prominence, and he was eventually accepted as leader of all of the Mongols. He reorganized the military, promoting men of competence rather than men of good breeding. This gave him the unwavering backing of the common soldiers and the officers. After defeating his last internal foe, Temujin was named "Genghis Kahn," meaning either "Oceanic Ruler" (or possibly "Fierce Ruler"). After fully securing his position at home, Kahn began his extraordinary series of conquests across Asia and Europe.;~ ~ Genghis Khan was far more interested in victory than he was in glory in battle. Before attacking a city or country, Genghis Khan sent the local rulers "orders of submission," in which he demanded immediate surrender. If the rulers did so, they were allowed to continue governing as long as they provided him tribute in money and labor. If the rulers did not surrender, they could expect little mercy once defeated.;~ ~ As a political leader, Genghis Kahn adopted a policy of religious tolerance, which eased tensions with the local priests. He recruited foreigners to serve as officers in his army and in his government, allowing them to rise to prominence according to their abilities, thus giving the ablest men reason to support him rather than to plot against him. He issued a set of laws for his conquered lands, which among other things punished horse theft with death and imposed severe punishment on disobedient soldiers. He also allowed full trade with Europe, and for the first time it was possible for European merchants to travel all the way to China in (relative) safety.;~ ~ As a military leader, Genghis Khan was exceptional. He maintained tight discipline among his troops, punishing them severely for infractions. He developed a sophisticated intelligence network across Asia, and he used the intelligence to craft clever military campaigns that fully exploited his enemy s weaknesses. Genghis Khan s troops were extraordinary, as well. The Mongols were superb light cavalrymen, and their ability to shoot arrows from the saddle was unbelievable. At first his armies were ignorant of the arts of siege warfare, but as more and more armies refused to meet his forces in the open field; his men grew skilled with catapults and the other tools for fighting men behind walls.;~ ~ Genghis Khan s first campaigns were against the Tanguts, who controlled the lucrative trade routes between the East and West. After subduing them, he conquered other foes in Central Asia and Northern China. No one could stand against him. During his last and most extraordinary campaign, he set out with 200,000 warriors and captured Bukhara, Samarkand, Balkh, Nishapur and Herat in succession. After remaining in Central Asia for four years, Genghis Khan headed back home, only to die en route.;~ ~ Something more than a barbarian and something less than an enlightened ruler, Genghis Khan remains one of the most extraordinary warrior-kings of all time.; ; Kublai Khan（フビライ・ハン）[#uf13d9f8] #ref error ：ご指定のファイルが見つかりません。ファイル名を確認して、再度指定してください。 (Kublai Khan) Khan and Emperor of China ~ Lived 1215 - 1294~ ~ Background ~ The grandson of the great Mongol leader Genghis Khan, Kublai oversaw the transformation of the Mongol people from nomadic warriors to sedentary farmers and townsfolk. He also captured the southern half of China, reunifying the country under one rule and taking for himself the title of "Emperor."~ ~ Ascending to the throne in 1260 at around the age of 45, Kublai was revealed to be a shrewd and skilled political leader. As Emperor of China, he followed his father s precepts of being gentle with the subject peoples in order to keep them happy; he restored many of the Chinese traditions and institutions that his predecessors had banned. Further, Kublai returned much political control back to the native people, and he reinstated numerous Confucian rituals and ceremonies at court. He also commissioned many public works, including the repair of the Grand Canal and extending China s highway system. Through these actions he secured his throne, allowing him to turn his attention to conquering the southern half of China, which was under the control of the Sung dynasty.~ ~ Southern China was a tough shell to crack. Her terrain was unsuitable for the Mongol light cavalry; the heart of its army, the climate was cold and wet; and its huge cities were quite difficult to take by the Mongol s usual siege tactics and weapons. Kublai considered the problem and eventually came up with an innovative solution, particularly for the leader of nomadic horse warriors; he decided that he would attack the Sung Empire from the sea. As quickly as possible he trained his forces in the ways of naval warfare. He grouped his troops with native Chinese sailors, and he actively recruited deserters from the Sung naval forces. When the time was right he opened a series of campaigns against the coastal cities, and then moved inland to the Sung capital, Lin-an, which fell in 1276. The contest was decided in a sea battle, in which the final Sung emperor drowned as his forces were destroyed.~ ~ Kublai Khan s later campaigns were rather less successful. Seeking to conquer Japan, in 1281 Kahn assembled two invasion fleets carrying about 140,000 troops to take on the islanders. The ships rendezvoused off of the Japanese coast as planned, but before they could offload the troops they were hit by a major typhoon, causing the loss of about half the men and ships. The expedition ended in failure as the dazed survivors limped home. A similar venture in 1292 to subjugate Java suffered a similar fate; this time the invaders landed safely and managed to capture and hold the island, but the occupiers were prostrated by the heat and ravaged by tropical disease. Many died, and within a year most of the survivors fled for the cooler climes of home.~ ~ Kublai died in 1294, shortly after the Java campaign came to its dismal end. His record is mixed; he is usually judged to be a fair and able administrator who conquered China and improved the lives of many of his subjects. Militarily, he succeeded in his most important campaign, the conquest of southern China, but failed miserably in others. ; Cyrus（キュロス）[#oa60c880] #ref error ：ご指定のファイルが見つかりません。ファイル名を確認して、再度指定してください。 (Cyrus) King of Persia ~ Lived c.576 - July, 529 BC~ ~ Background ~ Cyrus was the first Emperor of Persia (which occupied about the same land upon which Iran now stands). He is known as a great warlord and a great ruler. He created one of the largest empires the world had seen, and he ruled his subjects with fairness and compassion. Cyrus also founded Pasargade, the capital city of Persia.~ ~ At the time of Cyrus s birth, Iran was divided between two major tribes the Persians and the Medes. Ascending to the Persian throne, Cyrus conquered the Medes. He joined the two tribes together, creating the country of Persia. To ensure full cooperation of the newly-conquered Medes, he allowed their nobles to become government officials and gave them equal status with the Persian nobility.~ ~ Once he had secured Persia, Cyrus turned his attention to the east. He conquered Drangiana, Arachosia, Margiana, and Bactra. He built a series of fortified towns along the border to secure his flank and protect his empire from the nomads of Asia. He then turned west, conquering mighty Babylon.~ ~ As a civil leader, Cyrus was progressive far beyond his time. He left the institutions in conquered lands alone, allowing the people to largely govern themselves. He didn t meddle with local religions, and he tried to put an end to religious persecution - when he conquered Babylon, the Jews there welcomed him as liberator. In fact, he freed about 40,000 Jews from bondage in Babylon, allowing them to return to their homes in Palestine.~ ~ During the early part of his rule, Cyrus issued a decree on his objectives. This decree is now recognized as the first declaration of human rights. When he died, Cyrus was mourned by millions, including his conquered subjects. The Hellenes called him "Law Giver," and the Jews named him the "Anointed of the Lord." ; Julius Caesar（ユリウス・カエサル）[#u337c236] #ref error ：ご指定のファイルが見つかりません。ファイル名を確認して、再度指定してください。 (Julius Caesar) First Roman Emperor ~ Lived c.100 - 44 BC~ ~ Background ~ Gaius Julius Caesar was born - according to legend by Caesarean section - to a noble family. His father was a praetor, a mid-level functionary in the Republic. His family was respected, but not especially rich or influential. His father died while Caesar was still a teenager. At 19, Caesar married Cornelia, daughter of a prominent member of the popular political faction. The dictator of Rome at the time was Sulla, who belonged to the rival Optimate (pro-aristocrat) faction. He ordered Caesar to divorce Cornelia, and when he refused, Sulla ordered him to be executed. Caesar went into hiding until his influential friends got him a pardon.~ ~ During his early manhood, Caesar had a varied career. He served on the staff of a military officer, where he was awarded oak leaves for saving a man s life in battle. He was sent on an embassy to Bithynia, where he persuaded the king to provide Rome with a fleet of ships. He worked as an orator/lawyer in the courts of Rome, where he honed his skills as a public speaker.~ ~ During a trip to Greece, Caesar was captured by pirates and held for ransom. When the pirates told him that they planned to ask for 20 talents for his release, he indignantly insisted that he was worth 50 talents at least. He maintained friendly relations with his captors, at one point jokingly informing them that upon his release he intended to hunt them down and crucify them. Imagine their surprise when, after they released him, he did just that. The pirates had treated Caesar well during his captivity, however, so he mercifully slit their throats before nailing them to the crosses.~ ~ Caesar began his climb to power. He was elected to the Senate, where he gave his support to Gnaeus Pompeius (Pompey the Great), who with Caesar s help was given command of the war against King Mithridates. He spoke at funerals, including the one of his wife, Cornelia, dazzling the crowds with his oratory skill and personal magnetism. He married the granddaughter of his old enemy, Sulla. He later divorced her because of rumors that she had had an affair, saying famously, "The wife of Caesar must be above suspicion." He spent lavishly on games to win popular support.~ ~ In 60 BC, at the age of 40, Caesar entered into an alliance with Pompey and Crassus, two very important and influential men of Rome. He agreed to support their aims if they, in turn, would help him get elected to the consulship of Rome (at the time, Rome was ruled by two consuls, each elected for one-year terms). Upon being elected, Caesar pushed through measures that helped the other two men achieve their goals. At the end of his term, he strong-armed the Assembly into giving him a five-year term as the powerful proconsul of Gaul, and thus leader of a large portion of Rome s best troops.~ ~ Caesar was to remain in the field of battle for the next nine years. During that time he conquered most of what is now Central Europe, adding "great general" to his already formidable reputation. During his absence, however, Crassus died in battle against the Parthians, and Pompey took sole control of Rome. Worse, Pompey was siding with Caesar s enemies, the Optimates. When Caesar was informed that the Optimates intended to prosecute him for his illegal actions in forcing the Assembly to give him the Gaul proconsul, he broke relations with Pompey.~ ~ Having earned his legions firm loyalty and support, in 49 BC Caesar led them "across the Rubicon" and to Rome. Most of Pompey s legions at the time were in Spain, so he and the Senate abandoned the city to Caesar s legions. In a lightning campaign, Caesar destroyed Pompey s Spanish troops before his enemy could consolidate his forces, and Pompey retreated to Greece, where there remained forces still loyal to him. Caesar pursued as quickly as possible.~ ~ Caesar s sea transportation was limited, and he could only support about 20,000 troops in Greece. He left behind his trusted lieutenant Marc Antony, ordering Antony to rectify the supply situation and get him more troops as soon as possible. Knowing, however, that Pompey was using every moment s delay to gather allies and increase his forces, Caesar couldn t wait; at the head of his now 21,000-strong army he marched to battle.~ ~ The two armies met on the plains of Pharasulus, with Pompey s army outnumbering Caesar s by more than two-to-one. Despite the odds, Caesar was victorious, his brilliant generalship making up for his disadvantage in numbers. Pompey fled the field, and shortly thereafter was betrayed and murdered by the Egyptians. Now undisputed ruler of Rome, Caesar went to Egypt, where he set his lover Cleopatra upon the throne after a short but bitter fight.~ ~ Back in Rome, Caesar began an extensive program of reforms. He began to resolve the Roman debt problem; he settled his veterans abroad, giving them the land they craved but not dispossessing others (other Romans, that is). He reformed the Roman calendar, regulated public assistance and strengthened the middle class. His actions greatly improved life for the average citizen, but angered the aristocracy, the remnants of the Optimate party.~ ~ In February of 44 BC, the puppet Senate voted Caesar "dictator perpetuus," or dictator for life. For the first time he began wearing purple garb, a color associated at that time with kings and emperors. Further, he allowed his statues to be adorned like the statues of the gods. On March 15, Caesar was murdered, stabbed at least 23 times by a coalition of aristocrats and senators. ; Peter（ピョートル）[#la7ed31b] #ref error ：ご指定のファイルが見つかりません。ファイル名を確認して、再度指定してください。 (Peter) Emperor of Russia ~ Lived 1672 - 1725~ ~ Background ~ Peter was born the fourth son of the Tsar Alexey I. After the death of his father and older brother, at the age of 10 he became co-tsar with his sickly half-brother, Ivan, under the regency of their sister Sophia Alexeevna. Apparently Peter was quite the terror in his teens. He had utter contempt for religious and political ceremony, combined with almost limitless energy and a capacity for alcohol. At 17 he had the regent (his elder sister) arrested on charges of conspiring against him and had her locked in a convent, where she would stay for the rest of her life. He took total control of the empire, his brother Ivan no more than a figurehead.~ ~ In addition to drinking, carousing, and political intrigue, young Peter was also fascinated by military affairs. In 1695, he ordered the army to move against the Turks. Astonishingly, he didn t command his forces in the field, instead choosing to act as an lowly artilleryman. The Russian forces emerged victorious and within a year had captured the vital port of Azov.~ ~ Several years later, Peter set off on a tour of Europe. He spent 16 months traveling incognito through Germany, Holland, England and Austria, at one time working as a shipwright in England and Holland. Peter learned a lot during his trip, and he later hired many western craftsmen, engineers, soldiers, sailors, architects and artists to help modernize Russia. Once home, Peter adopted many European customs, including a mandate that beards were to be shaved off at court, which was a great controversy that nearly caused a revolt with the Boyars.~ ~ Despite his love of European culture, Peter remained a drunken, overbearing bully, whose practical jokes stopped just short of outright torture. (Or perhaps went a little over the line.) Foreign observers noted with horror that at a state dinner Peter had one of his cronies hold another tight, pinning his arms and forcing his mouth open. The victim was known to hate salads and especially vinegar; Peter jammed salad into his mouth and down his throat and then poured vinegar up his nose until it bled.~ ~ Peter liked to force his guests - including foreign diplomats - to drink until they passed out, then wake them up an hour later and force them to drink more. He once woke a group of extremely inebriated men up in the middle of the night, gave them axes and demanded that they help him cut down trees to make a path to the seashore.~ ~ In 1700 Russia went to war against Sweden. But, Gustavus Aldolphus, the Swedish King, proved more cunning to him, striking Peter s army before it was prepared, capturing much of the Russian artillery in the process. In response Peter demanded that all of the bells in Moscow (including church bells) be melted down to make cannons. He also confiscated church treasure to fuel the war effort. The war dragged on, but in 1709 the Swedish forces were decisively defeated, and Russia gained parts of Finland, Estonia, and Latvia.~ ~ Peter s home life did not go particularly well. In 1698 his wife was implicated in a plot to overthrow him; he divorced her and sent her off to yet another convent. In 1712 he married his mistress, Martha Skavronsky, a former Lithuanian servant and previously the mistress of a bevey of other Russian nobles. She gave him four children. In 1718 the tsar s oldest son Alexey was imprisoned for suspected treason and died under torture.~ ~ Upon his death Peter was buried in Saint Petersburg, the vital port and Russian capital, which he established in 1703, in the Peter and Paul Cathedral. Presumably under the heaviest rock they could find. ; Catherine（エカチェリーナ2世）[#td7b8f2d] #ref error ：ご指定のファイルが見つかりません。ファイル名を確認して、再度指定してください。 (Catherine) Tsarina of Russia ~ Lived 1729 - 1796~ ~ Background ~ Catherine was born in Szczecin in 1729, a princess of Pomerania, a small kingdom in Prussia. At 16 she was married to Carl Peter Ulrich, the heir to the Russian throne. Catherine quickly learned Russian and joined the Russian Orthodox Church. Largely self-educated, Catherine immersed herself in the literature of the time. Endowed with both beauty and intelligence, she became strong friends (if not more) with the great thinkers of the day, including the brilliant French philosophers Rousseau and Diderot.~ ~ Catherine did not lack political ambition, however. At the age of 33, with the support of the Imperial guard, she overthrew her husband, the Emperor Peter III, who was soon killed "in a hunting accident," leaving Catherine the sole ruler of Russia. As Empress, Catherine pursued an expansionist policy, fighting two successful wars against the Ottoman Empire and acquiring vast territory in southern Ukraine and the Crimea. She undertook a wide range of political reforms, attempting to shape up the notoriously corrupt and incompetent Russian bureaucracy. She curried favor with the aristocracy, expanding their already-great power over the Russian peasants.~ ~ A patron of the arts, Catherine commissioned many statues and paintings. Under her rule St. Petersburg was transformed from a primitive and forbidding city into one of the most beautiful and impressive European capitals.~ ~ Despite her many public successes, Catherine is best known for her private excesses. Her affairs are legendary; it has been suggested that she slept with a fairly large fraction of the Russian officers corps, not to mention her many well-publicized dalliances with a horde of well-known European politicians and artists.~ ~ Catherine died at the age of 67, having lived longer than any other Romanov monarch. ; Isabella（イザベル）[#z95dea6c] #ref error ：ご指定のファイルが見つかりません。ファイル名を確認して、再度指定してください。 (Isabella) Queen of Spain ~ Lived 1451 - 1504~ ~ Background ~ Isabella was the daughter of King John II of Castile. At the time of her birth, Spain was divided into a number of smaller kingdoms, with Castile, Portugal and Aragon being three of the largest. The southern part of the country was under Arab rule, the "Moors" having conquered much of Spain in the 8th Century. For Christian Spain, there were two major objectives unite the country and drive out the Moors. Isabella accomplished both.~ ~ After her father s death, Castile was ruled by Isabella s older brother, King Henry IV. At eighteen, and against her brother s express wishes, Isabella married Prince Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Aragon. Henry was furious at her - he had wanted her to marry the King of Portugal - but eventually he forgave her and made Isabella his heir. Upon his death in 1474, Isabella became Queen of Castile, and, after a brief war, made an alliance with Portugal, thus uniting much of Spain.~ ~ Isabella and Ferdinand worked surprisingly well together. They co-ruled their two kingdoms equally (according to many historians, Isabella was the better ruler of the two).~ ~ Once they were enthroned, the couple set about weakening the Spanish nobility, which Isabella believed had become overly powerful. They created a special military force known as the "Holy Brotherhood" for the express purpose of protecting people and property from attacks by the nobility. They also redistributed some of the nobles lands and destroyed several of their castles. In other internal matters, Isabella and Ferdinand reorganized the courts and the justice system, and they more closely regulated the country s coinage.~ ~ Some of Isabella and Ferdinand s other programs were less appealing. The two rulers were Catholic zealots and they had a rabid hatred for non-Catholics, and especially for Jews. In 1478 they petitioned the Pope to establish the Spanish Inquisition. Under Chief Inquisitor Torquemada, the Inquisition tortured and murdered thousands across Spain, driving the heretics out of the country or underground, or forcing them to convert to Catholicism.~ ~ Interestingly, when they conquered Granada, the last Muslim stronghold in Spain, Isabella and Ferdinand treated those Muslims quite well, allowing them to freely practice their religion in Spain. The Jews of Granada, however, were treated as barbarously as their cousins in other parts of Spain.~ ~ Perhaps Isabella s most famous act as monarch was her decision to fund Columbus s voyages of exploration. Christopher Columbus was an Italian navigator who was looking for a western route to India; after getting Isabella s backing, he set out to cross the Atlantic to find Asia. Instead, Columbus discovered America.~ ~ As a ruler, her record is mixed. She did unite her country along with the help of her husband, Ferdinand. She did drive out foreign powers who had occupied Spain for 700 years. She did bring peace and stability to Spain. She did fund exploration which would bring vast new territory and vast wealth to her kingdom. On the other hand, she did launch a terrible campaign of torture and murder against the most vulnerable population in her lands. To her Christian subjects, then, Isabella probably was the best thing that had ever come their way. However her Jewish subjects probably had a somewhat less positive opinion of Her Majesty. Isabella died in 1504, leaving the kingdom to her daughter.
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リーダーシップとマネジメント ブランディングについて 小論文・ペーパーの書き方 リーダーとしてのものの見方（組織文化） ネットワーク理論 構造の概念 象徴論 組織分析のフレームワーク 多主体複雑系パラダイム（ポリエージェントシステム） リーダーとマネージャーの違い リーダーシップとは何か？ リーダーシップの概念 ゼネラルマネジャーの位置について 有能なマネージャーの行動 ネットワーク・リーダーシップ 結びつきの強化 針路の決定と計画と予算の策定 権力と権威 人身の統合と組織編制と人員配置 動機付けとコントロール，そして問題解決 パワーをめぐる３つの問題 プラグマティック・マネジメント 上司のマネジメント リーダーシップに影響を与える３つの力 抽象の度合い 変革の８段階 ５つのリーダーシップ・アプローチ エンパワーメント 変革への抵抗にどう対応するか 評価 ショートスピーチ
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メニュー トップページ 七瀬と不思議の漢女道 アイテム 武器・盾 矢・食料 水薬・巻物┗秘密の巻物の種類 杖・ペン┣杖の見分け方┗ペンの見分け方 魔法石・壺 装備の特殊能力 値段表値段表：杖┣価格表：ペン┗価格表：壺 ダンジョン 初心の道 漢女の道 知識の道 勇気の道 試練の道 強者の道 深遠の道 その他 住井と浩平の店 モンスター ワナ 特訓パス 必要経験値 小ネタ ナナカ-不思議の迷宮録- 基本仕様 プレイヤーキャラ アイテム 武器・盾┣武器の印・盾の印┗特殊合成 お守り 矢・食料 水薬・巻物 杖・ペン┣杖の見分け方┗ペンの見分け方 魔法石・壺 心 値段表 その他アイテム モンスター モンスター 仲間モンスター┣成長データ┗印（特殊能力） ダンジョン 深遠 / 既知 / 凝縮 封魔 / 強者 / 知識 勇気 / 共存 / 歩縛 魂魄 / 罠師 / 団結  絆 / 表裏 / 極意 混沌 / 御魂 / 魔窟 決闘 / 終式 / 仕掛 発掘 / 変化 / 経験 薄魔 / 時限 / 初学 武力 / 試練 / 初心 その他 店 ワナ 必要経験値 ダメージ関連 小ネタ エディットダンジョンWiki アクセス数 累計： - 今日： - 昨日： - 更新履歴 取得中です。 @ウィキ ガイド @wiki 便利ツール @wiki
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○× 四択 連想 画像タッチ 並べ替え 文字パネル スロット タイピング キューブ エフェクト 線結び 一問多答 順番当て グループ分け 問題 ○ × 補足 次のうち『新耳袋』シリーズで知られるライターを全て選びなさい 木原浩勝中山市朗 加藤一平山夢明 次のうち「超能力者」という意味で使われる言葉を全て選びなさい エスパーサイキック エゴイストエコロジストデバンカーメトロセクシャル 次のうち「ファフロツキーズ」に当たる現象を全て選びなさい 空からオタマジャクシが降る空からカエルが降る空から魚が降る 空から恐怖の大王が降る 次のうち、1955年に誕生した「日本空飛ぶ円盤研究会」の会員だった人物を全て選びなさい 三島由紀夫星新一石原慎太郎 横溝正史 江戸川乱歩大江健三郎 次のうち、1970年代に日本のＴＶ番組に出演したユリ・ゲラーが行ったパフォーマンスを全て選びなさい スプーンを曲げる止まっていた時計を動かす 水の上を歩く 次のうち、1991年にミステリーサークルの「作者」と名乗り出て注目を浴びた人物を全て選びなさい ダグ・バウワーデイブ・チョーリー クリスチャン・スパーリングボブ・ヘイロニムス 次のうち、アメリカで結成された秘密結社を全て選びなさい ＫＫＫスカル・アンド・ボーンズ フリーメイソン 次のうちアフリカで目撃例がある未確認生物を全て選びなさい コンガマトーチペクウェモケーレ・ムベンベ ジャージー・デビルドーバーデーモンバンイップ 次のうち、アメリカのドラマ『Ｘファイル』で主人公として活躍した捜査官を全て選びなさい スカリードゲットモルダー ウイリータイラードノバン 次のうち宇宙生物・地球外生命体を表す言葉を全て選びなさい ＢＥＭＥＢＡＥＴ ＢＥＬＡＢＥＬＯＥＴＣ 次のうちオランダの超能力者を全て選びなさい ジェラルド・クロワゼットピーター・フルコス ジーン・ディクソンノリーン・レニア 次のうち、心霊現象の研究でも知られる漫画家つのだじろうの作品を全て選びなさい 『うしろの百太郎』『恐怖新聞』 『地獄小僧』『猫目小僧』『夢幻紳士』『人魚の森』 『地獄先生ぬ～べ～』 次のうち、実在することが確認されているミステリアスな生物を全て選びなさい シーラカンスメガマウス オゴポゴクラーケンサスカッチジャージーデビルスカイフィッシュチュパカブラネッシーモスマン 次のうちその体に血の「聖痕」が現れたとされる人物を全て選びなさい アッシジのフランチェスコテレサ・ノイマンピオ神父 カルロス・ミラベリニーナ・クラギーナフランシスコ・ザビエル 次のうち、空を飛ぶとされる未確認生物を全て選びなさい オウルマンスカイフィッシュバッツカッチ アルマスチペクウェホラディラ 次のうち、タロットカードの図柄にあるものを全て選びなさい 戦車太陽 賢者 次のうち、超能力の開発に用いる「ゼナー・カード」の図柄にあるものを全て選びなさい 円四角形星型 五角形三角形直線 次のうち、超能力の種類を全て選びなさい テレパシーテレポーテーション テレカクシテレゴング 次のうち、超能力研究で知られる福来友吉が調査した人物を全て選びなさい 御船千鶴子高橋貞子三田光一長尾郁子 木村藤子山村志津子 清田益章岬美由紀 次のうち特定の個人を守っているという霊を全て選びなさい 守護霊背後霊 地縛霊浮遊霊 次のうち謎の怪魚として知られる未確認生物を全て選びなさい ウモッカタキタロウ ヒバゴンモケーレ・ムベンベ 次のうち人間のように二足歩行する獣人型の未確認生物を全て選びなさい アルマスサスカッチスカンクエイプ マニポゴミゴーリーンモンスター 次のうち、冒険家Ｂ・ウェーバーの提案により2007年に発表された「新世界の七不思議」に含まれるものを全て選びなさい コロッセオタージ・マハルペトラ遺跡ペトラ遺跡マチュピチュ万里の長城 アルハンブラ宮殿アンコール・ワットイースター島のモアイ像エッフェル塔ギザのピラミッドストーンヘンジ 次のうち、有名な噂話で口裂け女から逃げるために有効とされたものを全て選びなさい べっこう飴ポマード アイスキャンデー薄焼きせんべい 次のうち、霊が見える子どもが登場する映画を全て選びなさい 『シックス・センス』『シャイニング』 『チャイルド・プレイ』 『悪魔の赤ちゃん』 次の超能力者が登場する映画のうちスティーブン・キング原作のものを全て選びなさい 『キャリー』『グリーンマイル』『炎の少女チャーリー』 『クロスファイア』『ジャンパー』『スキャナーズ』 次の超能力者のうち来日したことがある者を全て選びなさい ジーン・ディクソンジェラルド・クロワゼットジョゼフ・マクモニーグルユリ・ゲラー インゴ・スワンテッド・シリオスニーナ・クラギーナ 次の未確認生物のうち日本に生息するといわれるものを全て選びなさい イッシーツチノコヒバゴン オゴポゴオゴポゴサスカッチサスカッチチュパカブラ ビッグフットモケーレ・ムベンベ